Optimization of vitamin extraction by ultrasound in Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) to produce functional food
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29105/idcyta.v11i2.158Keywords:
Ascorbic acid, Box–Behnken design, Response surface methodology, α-tocopherol, β-caroteneAbstract
Vitamins are one of the secondary metabolites found in bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) that are considered beneficial for human health due to their antioxidant activities. This study aimed to optimize conditions for extracting vitamins from bell peppers to produce functional foods. The optimum conditions for the ultrasound bath extraction of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene were determined using a three-factor (time, ratio, and temperature) and three-level (Low, medium, and high) Box-Behnken design under response surface methodology. Vitamin quantification was performed using high-efficiency liquid chromatography. Response variables presented a high correlation of 98.35% for ascorbic acid, 95.34% for β-carotene, and 93.94% for α-tocopherol. Optimal conditions for ascorbic acid were 5 minutes, 39.8 °C, and 80 ratio (v/w), with a predicted value of 7411.69 µg/g. In contrast, α-tocopherol was 45.5 minutes, 30 °C, and 10.6 ratio (v/w) with an expected value of 177.96 µg/g. On the other hand, optimal conditions for β-carotene were 47.6 minutes, 30 °C, and an eight-to-one ratio of v/w, with a predicted value of 335.97 µg/g. The experimental values for optimal conditions for the ultrasound extraction of vitamins were: α-tocopherol 174.89 ± 20.31 µg/g, β-carotene 339.28 ± 19.62 µg/g, and ascorbic acid 7109.36 ± 197.51 µg/g. There was no noticeable difference between experimental and predicted responses, with the empirical values closely matching those expected from the final selected model. These findings prove that ultrasound is effective in extracting vitamins, and that optimal conditions can maximize the utilization of these compounds in bell peppers, enabling the formulation of functional foods, adding value to this fruit, and helping prevent chronic degenerative diseases in the population.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Jose Estrella Estrella , Naylea Guadalupe Balan Cen, Rodrigo Portillo Salgado, Emmanuel de Jesus Chi Gutierrez, José Dolores Lira Maas, Luis Alfonso Can Herrera, Rosa Yazmin Us Camas , Julio Enrique Oney Montalvo
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